GB/T 25263 · MIO micaceous iron oxide · single coat 100-150μm

Demão intermediária epóxi MIO Epoxy MIO Intermediate

Two-component epoxy polyamide/micaceous iron oxide high-build intermediate paint — MIO labyrinth effect physical barrier

Demão intermediária epóxi MIO(Epoxy MIO Intermediate)é um fundo anticorrosivo bicomponente (2K) de alto desempenho em que a resina epóxi curada com poliamida atua como formador de filme e o pó de zinco ultrfino (teor em filme seco ≥70 %) como principal pigmento anticorrosivo.O revestimento fornece proteção ativa contra a corrosão por meio do mecanismo de proteção catódica por anodo de sacrifício do zinco sobre o aço; mesmo que o filme seco seja danificado localmente, o pó de zinco ao redor continua a fornecer proteção eletroquímica ao aço exposto.CompliesHG/T 3668-2020《Demão intermediária epóxi MIO》tipo 2; combinado com uma camada intermediária epóxi MIO (mica-ferro) e um acabamento de poliuretano / fluorocarbono, o sistema resiste a névoa salina neutra ≥1000 h e atende aos requisitos da classe de alta corrosividade C4-C5 da ISO 12944.É amplamente utilizada como fundo anticorrosivo em grandes obras, como pontes sobre o mar, plataformas petrolíferas offshore, tanques de armazenamento petroquímicos, torres de transmissão elétrica, torres de turbinas eólicas e grandes edifícios com estrutura de aço.

≥100μm/道
espessura de filme seco por demão
MIO屏蔽
Efeito labirinto (caminho tortuoso)
≥65%
Sólidos em volume
≥5MPa
aderência por tração direta (pull-off)
GB/T25263
Norma aplicável do produto
Sa2.5
Grau de preparação do substrato
5~40°C
Temperatura ambiente de aplicação
2K/Two-Component5:1
Proporção de mistura
ISO12944
C4-C5 corrosion level
teor de pó de zinco no filme seco
1000h+
Resistência do sistema à névoa salina
≥6MPa
aderência por tração direta (pull-off)
≥60%
Sólidos em volume
HG/T3668
Norma aplicável do produto
Sa2.5
Grau de preparação do substrato
5~40°C
Temperatura ambiente de aplicação
2K/Two-Component10:1
Proporção de mistura
ISO12944
C4-C5 corrosion level

ProductsVisão geral

Visão geral do produto: para quem? qual problema resolve?

Epoxy MIO intermediate paint is a heavy-duty anticorrosive primer designed for steel structures requiring long-term anticorrosive protection of over 15 years in C4-C5 highly corrosive environments.The core problem it solves is: ordinary anti-rust paints fail within 3-5 years in harsh environments such as coastal areas, chemical atmospheres, and high humidity, whereas epoxy MIO intermediate paint, through the dual mechanism of "cathodic protection + barrier protection", can provide 15-25 years of long-term protection when combined with intermediate paint and topcoat — greatly reducing whole-life-cycle maintenance costs.

Definição do produto

Epoxy MIO Intermediate, Chinese standard number HG/T 3668-2020, is a two-component (2K) ambient-temperature crosslinking-curing anticorrosive primer that uses epoxy resin (bisphenol A type, CAS 25068-38-6) and polyamide curing agent (CAS 68410-23-1) as film-forming substances, ultrafine spherical zinc powder (CAS 7440-66-6, particle size 3-8μm, mass fraction in dry film ≥70%) as anti-rust pigment, and xylene/n-butanol as solvent system.

Mecanismo de proteção anticorrosiva:High content of zinc powder particles in the coating forms a continuous conductive pathway between the particles themselves and between the zinc and the steel substrate. Since the standard electrode potential of zinc (-0.76V vs SHE) is lower than that of iron (-0.44V), zinc acts as the anode in the corrosion microcell and preferentially undergoes oxidation reaction (Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻). The released electrons flow through the conductive network to the steel surface, causing the steel to be cathodically polarized below its immune potential—this is known as "sacrificial anode cathodic protection." Meanwhile, the corrosion products of zinc (ZnO, Zn(OH)₂, basic zinc carbonate, etc.) gradually fill the coating pores, forming a dense secondary barrier layer—the "corrosion product self-healing effect."

Dados de desempenho principais:

  • The dry film zinc powder content is ≥70% (compliant with HG/T 3668-2020 Category 2).
  • Volume solids content ≥60% (ISO 3233:1998)
  • Pull-off adhesion ≥6 MPa (ISO 4624:2016, test doll diameter 20mm)
  • Single coating resistance to neutral salt spray (NSS) ≥400h (ISO 9227:2022, rust width at the crisscrossing ≤2mm)
  • The complete system (epoxy zinc-rich 80μm + epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate coat 150μm + polyurethane topcoat 80μm) has an NSS resistance of ≥1000h.
  • Mixed application period: 4-8 hours (23°C, main agent: curing agent = 10:1 w/w)

Substratos adequados e limitações:Applicable to carbon steel, low-alloy steel, and cast iron substrates blasted to Sa2.5 (ISO 8501-1:2007). Not recommended for direct application on galvanized steel (the passivation film on the zinc surface will block the conductive path—sweep blasting pretreatment or an epoxy primer transition layer is advised), stainless steel (the surface passivation film must be removed first), or aluminum alloy (risk of galvanic corrosion—the potential difference between zinc and aluminum is too large). Application temperature limits: standard type 5–40°C (below 5°C, the epoxy-amine crosslinking reaction rate is extremely low, resulting in incomplete coating curing).

Posição no setor e aplicações:Demão intermediária epóxi MIOis one of the most widely used primer types in global heavy-duty anticorrosive coating systems (ISO 12944-5:2019 systems A2.08/A3.08/A4.08, etc.), forming a classic triple-protection system with epoxy MIO intermediate coat and PU/fluorocarbon/polysiloxane topcoat. Typical applications include: Akashi Kaikyo Bridge Japan (opened 1998, 100-year design life), Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (opened 2018, 500,000m² steel box girders), North Sea offshore oil platforms (NORSOK M-501 system certification), etc. According to Grand View Research, the global zinc-rich primer market was approximately USD 2.8 billion in 2023, with Asia-Pacific accounting for 48% share.

ProductsFeatures

阴极保护牺牲阳极原理

1. Cathodic protection (sacrificial anode) mechanism

The dry film of the coating contains ≥70% zinc powder, forming a continuous conductive network. The standard electrode potential of zinc (-0.76V) is lower than that of iron (-0.44V). When corrosion occurs, zinc preferentially oxidizes (Zn→Zn²⁺+2e⁻), releasing electrons that cathodically polarize the steel to its immunity potential — even if the coating has 3-5mm damage, the surrounding zinc powder can still provide continuous electrochemical protection for the exposed steel, which makes the anticorrosive performance of epoxy MIO intermediate paint far superior to ordinary anti-rust primers that rely only on physical barrier.

耐盐雾测试1000小时

2. Superior corrosion resistance and durability

Single coating NSS≥400h (HG/T 3668 Class 2), and the system with epoxy MIO intermediate paint + polyurethane topcoat achieves NSS≥1000h. Under the C5-M extremely high corrosion environment (marine splash zone) of ISO 12944-2, the design service life is 15-25 years. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan adopted an epoxy MIO intermediate paint system in 1998, and the coating remains intact after more than 25 years — the actual service life far exceeds the design value.

重防腐涂层配套体系

3. Excellent compatibility

It has excellent intercoat adhesion (pull-off method ≥5MPa) with epoxy MIO intermediate paint (MIO barrier layer), polyurethane topcoat (weather-resistant decorative layer), fluorocarbon topcoat (ultra-weather-resistant ≥25 years), and polysiloxane topcoat (high weather resistance + high chemical resistance). Epoxy MIO intermediate paint + epoxy MIO intermediate paint + topcoat is the most classic three-coat heavy-duty anticorrosion system in ISO 12944-5 — the primer provides cathodic protection, the intermediate paint provides thickness and physical barrier, and the topcoat provides weather resistance and decoration.

无气喷涂施工

4. Wide adaptability to construction

Supports airless spray (nozzle 0.43–0.53 mm, 15–25 MPa), air spray, and brush/roller application (for small-area touch-ups). Single-pass dry film thickness: 60–80 μm. Mixing ratio: 10:1 (w/w). Pot life: 4–8 h (23°C). Wide temperature range for application (5–40°C); low-temperature formulation can be applied down to –5°C. Continuous stirring is required during spraying to prevent zinc powder sedimentation—use of a pressure pot with a pneumatic agitator is recommended to ensure coating uniformity.

车间底漆焊接应用

5. Shop Primer Solderability

Fórmula especializada (película seca de 15-25 μm) pode ser usada como primer de oficina — após aplicação na fábrica de pré-fabricação de estruturas de aço, o aço ainda pode ser submetido a processos de soldagem e corte. A fumaça de soldagem atende aos limites de exposição ocupacional (GBZ 2.1-2019), e a taxa de aprovação do exame radiográfico de soldas não é afetada. Adequado para pintura automatizada em linha de produção de estruturas de aço — pode ser manuseado e empilhado 3-5 minutos após a pulverização. Atenção: apenas a fórmula especializada de primer de oficina possui soldabilidade — a película seca padrão de 60-80 μm não é adequada para soldagem.

环保合规高固含

6. Environmental Compliance · Global Standards

Complies with HG/T 3668-2020 (China) Standard Class 2, ISO 12944-5:2019 system numbers A2.08/A3.08/A4.08, NORSOK M-501:2022 (Norwegian Petroleum Industry) System 1, SSPC Paint 20 (USA) Zinc-rich Primer Type II (≥77% zinc powder). VOCs<420g/L(GB 30981-2020),可通过ROHS 2011/65/EU和REACH (EC) 1907/2006ComplianceTesting。Products碳足迹约2.8kg CO₂e/kg(摇篮到大门,SimaPro 9.5计算)——低于Primer inorgânico rico em zinco(3.5kg CO₂e/kg)。

TécnicoParameters

Parâmetros fisicoquímicos

Tipo de produtoRevestimento epóxi poliamida/pó de zinco bicomponente (2K EP/Zn)
teor de pó de zinco no filme seco≥70% (HG/T 3668-2020 Category 2)
Sólidos em volume60±3%(ISO 3233:1998)
Teor de sólidos em massa85±3%(GB/T 1725-2007)
Densidade (misturado)2.10-2.30 g/cm³(20°C)
Proporção de mistura (em peso)Main agent: curing agent = 10:1
Tempo de utilização da mistura4-8h(23°C)/ 2h(35°C)
Espessura de filme seco recomendada (DFT)60-80μm / channel
Poder de cobertura teórico0.17-0.22 kg/m²(75μm DFT)
Teor de COV<420 g/L(GB 30981-2020)
Packaging Specs30kg base agent + 3kg hardener kit

Secagem e desempenho

Tempo de secagem superficial≤1h (23°C, GB/T 1728-2020 Method B)
Tempo de secagem total≤24h (23°C, GB/T 1728-2020 Method A)
Cura completa7 days (23°C, Tg stable by DSC method)
Intervalo mínimo de repintura8h(23°C)
Intervalo máximo de repintura7 days (23°C; sand removal is required if the expiration date is exceeded)
aderência por tração direta (pull-off)≥6 MPa(ISO 4624:2016,dolly Ø20mm)
Adesão por corte em grade≤1 level (ISO 2409:2020, spacing 1mm)
Resistência ao impacto≥50 kg·cm(GB/T 1732-2020)
resistência à névoa salina neutra (NSS)Single coating ≥400h / Complete system ≥1000h (ISO 9227:2022)
Temperatura de serviço contínua-20°C ~ 150°C
Base dos parâmetros técnicos
• March 2024, National Coatings Quality Inspection and Testing Center Test Report (No.: NTC-2024-0315-ZR)
· HG/T 3668-2020 "Epoxy MIO Intermediate Paint" Class 2 indicators
The data in this table are typical values under standard laboratory conditions (23±2°C, 50±5%RH). Actual values may vary slightly depending on the substrate condition, construction process, and environmental conditions. Please contact technical support to obtain the batch COA (Certificate of Appointment).

ApplicationProcess

1

Preparo de superfície

Sandblast to Sa2.5 (ISO 8501-1:2007), roughness Rz 40-75μm. Manual rust removal ≥ St3. Grease must be removed with SSPC-SP1 solvent. Primer application (RH) must be completed within 4 hours after sandblasting.<50%可延至8h)。禁忌:雨天/雾天/Temperatura do substrato低于露点3°C时禁止Application。

2

Mistura / preparação

Stir the main agent for 3-5 minutes until the zinc powder is completely and evenly dispersed. Add the curing agent at a ratio of 10:1 (w/w) and continue stirring for 3-5 minutes. Let it stand for 15-30 minutes (23°C) to mature. Continuously stir during application to prevent zinc powder from settling—a pneumatic mixer is recommended. The mixed usable period is 4-8 hours (23°C). Do not dilute and use materials that have gelled beyond this period.

3

Aplicação do primer

Airless spraying (recommended): Nozzle 0.43-0.53mm/0.017-0.021", pressure 15-25MPa. Air spraying: Nozzle 1.5-2.0mm, pressure 0.3-0.5MPa. Brush/roller coating is only suitable for small-area pre-coating and repair. Single-coat DFT 60-80μm. Pre-coat welds, free edges, etc.

4

Secagem e repintura

Surface dry ≤ 1h (23°C), hard dry ≤ 24h. Minimum recoating interval 8h (23°C). Maximum recoating interval 7d—exceeding this interval requires sandblasting (low pressure 0.2-0.3MPa, non-metallic abrasive) to remove surface zinc salts (basic zinc carbonate). Matching: Epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate coat 100-150μm → Polyurethane/fluorocarbon topcoat 50-80μm × 2.

5

Inspection and Acceptance

DFT measurement (ISO 2808:2019, SSPC-PA2): 80% of measuring points ≥ specified value, no measuring points<80%规定值。AderênciaTesting(Ensaio de arrancamento ISO 4624或ISO 2409Método de corte cruzado)。detecção de furos de alfinete(Método da esponja úmida,67.5V/90V)。Inspeção visual:无Sagging/漏涂/起泡/缩孔/Pó de zinco不均匀。

AplicaçõesField/Area

跨海大桥

Pontes marítimas / fluviais

Vigas caixão de aço, torres de ponte, nervuras de arco

海上石油平台

Offshore oil platforms

Jaquetes, convés, módulos habitacionais

石化储罐

Paredes exteriores de tanques petroquímicos

Tanques de crude / produtos refinados / produtos químicos

输电铁塔

Torres de transmissão / torres tubulares

Estruturas de aço para linhas de alta / altíssima tensão

钢结构厂房

Grandes fábricas de estrutura metálica

Naves industriais, recintos desportivos

港口机械

Máquinas portuárias

Pórticos de cais, pórticos rolantes, descarregadores de navios

风电塔筒

Torres de turbinas eólicas

Torres de turbinas eólicas onshore / offshore

船舶与海洋工程

Construção naval e engenharia offshore

Blocos de casco, tanques de lastro, conveses

管道防腐

Anticorrosão de paredes externas de tubagens

Tubagens de longo curso de petróleo, gás e água

矿山与工程机械

Máquinas de mineração / construção

Escavadoras, britadeiras, equipamentos de transporte

化工装置

Instalações químicas / de refinação

Reatores, permutadores de calor, estrutura de racks de tubagens

水处理设施

Tratamento de água / infraestruturas hidráulicas

ETAR, comportas, grades de retenção

Perguntas Frequentes -Perguntas frequentes

The anticorrosion of epoxy MIO intermediate paint is based on the electrochemical cathodic protection principle: the high content (≥70%) of zinc powder particles in the coating forms conductive pathways among themselves and conducts with the steel substrate. Since the standard electrode potential of zinc (-0.76V) is more negative than that of iron (-0.44V), zinc preferentially oxidizes when corrosion occurs: Zn→Zn²⁺+2e⁻. The released electrons flow through the conductive network to the steel surface, cathodically polarizing it — effective protection is achieved when the potential drops below -0.85V (vs Cu/CuSO₄). If the zinc powder content is insufficient (<60%),Pó de zinco颗粒被resina epóxi绝缘包裹无法形成连续导电通路——proteção catódica失效——Coating仅剩物理屏蔽功能,Anticorrosive寿命大幅缩短。这就是HG/T 3668Norma严格RequirementsTeor de pó de zinco的Causes:第1类≥80%(Alta resistência à corrosão),第2类≥70%(NormaHeavy-Duty Anti-Corrosion),Classe 3≥60%(一般Anticorrosive)。
Não pode ser usado isoladamente.Three reasons: (1) A single layer of epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint exposed to acidic (acid rain pH<5.6)或碱性(Concreto渗出碱液)Environment中,Pó de zinco会被Quick化学消耗(反应速率较中性Environment快3-10倍),丧失proteção catódica能力。Demão intermediária epóxi MIO(MIOCarga lamelar层叠排列形成"Efeito labirinto (caminho tortuoso)")Provides物理屏蔽层——ProteçãoPó de zinco不过早消耗。(2)resina epóxi含芳香醚键——紫外光(290-400nm)照射下3-6meses即开始光氧化降解——粉化/变色/失光。Polyurethane/fluorocarbon topcoat(含UV吸收剂和HALS光稳定剂)ProvidesProteção contra o tempo。(3)Sistema de revestimento compatível总DFT更厚(≥280μm)——Anticorrosive等级更高。ISO 12944-5recomendado的Heavy-Duty Anti-Corrosioncompatível:Demão intermediária epóxi MIO60-80μm + Demão intermediária epóxi MIO100-150μm + Topcoat de poliuretano50-80μm×2。
According to HG/T 3668-2020, three types of zinc content are selected: Type 1 (≥80%) — suitable for C5/CX extremely corrosive environments (offshore splash zones, tidal zones, chemical plant acid mist areas) or major projects with a design life >25 years. It offers the highest cathodic protection efficiency, but excessive zinc powder increases internal stress and reduces flexibility (flexibility ≥3mm vs. Type 2's ≥2mm), and has the highest unit price. Type 2 (≥70%) — a general heavy-duty anti-corrosion primer suitable for C4-C5 environments (coastal industrial areas, sea-crossing bridges, petrochemical storage tanks), offering the best cost-performance ratio — an optimal balance between anti-corrosion performance and mechanical properties. Recommended for most industrial projects. Type 3 (≥60%) — suitable for C3-C4 environments (urban atmosphere, ordinary industrial plants) with general anti-corrosion requirements. Can be selected if the budget is limited and the environmental corrosion level is low. Selection suggestion: When in doubt, choose Type 2 (70%) — the safest universal option.
Zinc powder has a high density (7.14 g/cm³) and tends to settle easily in low-viscosity epoxy resin solutions. Solutions: (1) After opening the container, thoroughly stir with an electric/pneumatic stirrer for ≥5 minutes—completely lift the zinc powder from the bottom until no sediment remains. (2) After adding the hardener, continue stirring for 3-5 minutes until the mixture has a uniform color. (3) Maintain continuous low-speed stirring throughout the application process—it is recommended to use a pressure tank with a pneumatic stirrer (rotation speed 30-60 rpm) to prevent zinc powder from re-settling during spraying, which could cause inconsistent zinc content between the beginning and end of the spray. (4) For paint that has settled and hardened into lumps—do not force stirring for use (the zinc powder has separated from the resin and may form lumps, leading to pinholes, uneven zinc distribution, and reduced adhesion after spraying). Paint that has exceeded its pot life and shows gelling must be discarded. It is recommended to prepare the paint as needed (estimate the amount for 2 hours of use) and mix in small batches.
Demão intermediária epóxi MIOWhen exposed to air, surface zinc powder reacts with CO₂ and H₂O to form basic zinc carbonate ("white rust"). After 7 days (23°C, 50%RH), the following treatment is required: (1) Visual inspection — white powdery zinc salts must be removed by sweep blasting using low pressure (0.2-0.3MPa) non-metallic abrasive (garnet/alumina) to remove the zinc salt layer and create 20-30μm roughness. (2) For coatings within 6 months without visible zinc salts — light sanding (180-240 grit hand sanding) is sufficient. (3) If the coating shows extensive chalking/rusting/peeling — complete blast removal and reapplication is required. Prevention: Complete intermediate coat application within the minimum recoat interval (8-24h) when the primer surface still has active amine groups (incompletely crosslinked), achieving optimal intercoat adhesion without sanding.
Diferença-chave: o formador de filme é diferente.Epóxi rico em zinco — resina epóxi orgânica + agente de cura poliamida; Inorgânico rico em zinco — hidrólise e condensação de silicato de etila/silicato de lítio inorgânico. Comparação para seleção: (1) Desempenho anticorrosivo: Primer inorgânico rico em zinco (teor de zinco ≥85%) possui maior eficiência de proteção catódica, certificado pelas normas NORSOK M-501 e SSPC Paint 20 Tipo I (inorgânico) — Tipo II (orgânico). Ambos podem atingir o mesmo nível de proteção anticorrosiva, mas o inorgânico é ligeiramente superior. (2) Tolerância de aplicação: Epóxi rico em zinco >> Inorgânico rico em zinco. O epóxi pode ser aplicado entre 5-40°C/UR<85%宽ConditionsApplication;无机对RHRequirements苛刻——RH需50-90%(Silicato de etila水解需要水分),Low temperature (<5°C)和低湿(<40%)均无法NormaisCura——Janela de aplicação窄。(3)Inter-coat Adhesion:Epóxi rico em zinco+Demão intermediária epóxi MIO的层间结合力(>5MPa) é superior ao sistema de primer rico em zinco inorgânico + primer epóxi intermediário (possivelmente devido ao aumento da área de contato pela porosidade do revestimento inorgânico, mas também pode resultar em aderência insuficiente devido à pulverização superficial — sendo necessário tratamento com jateamento abrasivo). (4) Preço: O primer rico em zinco epóxi custa aproximadamente 0,7 a 0,8 vezes o preço do primer rico em zinco inorgânico. Recomendação de seleção: Para projetos convencionais de proteção anticorrosiva pesada, escolha o primer rico em zinco epóxi (facilidade de aplicação + boa relação custo-benefício); para ambientes marinhos extremos (zona de respingos/zona de marés) ou projetos de alto padrão com vida útil projetada ≥ 30 anos — escolha primer rico em zinco inorgânico + tinta de selamento + primer epóxi intermediário + tinta de acabamento polissiloxano.

projetoCasos

明石海峡大桥
Japan · 1998

Anticorrosão das vigas caixão de aço da Ponte Akashi Kaikyo, Japão

ClienteAutoridade das Pontes Honshu–Shikoku (HSBA)
SubstratoVigas caixão de aço de ponte, grau Sa3 (metal branco)
SystemEpoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint 80μm + epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint 150μm + fluorocarbon topcoat 80μm
vida útil de projeto100 anos (C5-M corrosão marinha muito elevada)
AreaAprox. 200.000 m²
EspecificaçãoNorma de pintura HSBA + ISO 12944-5
北海石油平台
North Sea · 2015

Anticorrosão de serviço pesado para jaquetes de plataformas petrolíferas offshore do Mar do Norte

ClienteEquinor ASA (petróleo estatal norueguês)
SubstratoEstrutura de aço da jaquete, grau Sa2.5
SystemEpoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint + epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint + polysiloxane topcoat
CertificaçõesNORSOK M-501:2022 System 1
AreaApproximately 50,000 m²
vida útil de projeto30 anos (C5-M zona de salpicos)
清奈港岸桥

Anticorrosão dos pórticos de cais para contentores ZPMC do Porto de Chennai, Índia

ClientePSA Chennai / ZPMC
SubstratoEstrutura de aço do pórtico de cais, grau Sa2.5
SystemWaterborne epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint + epoxy intermediate paint + acrylic topcoat
NormaISO 12944 C5, passa 1500 h QUV
AreaApproximately 80,000 m²
vida útil de projeto20 years(C5marinho tropical)
海上风电场

Proteção anticorrosão de torres de turbinas eólicas de um parque eólico offshore no Mar da China Meridional

ClienteChina Three Gorges New Energy
SubstratoTubos de aço de torres eólicas, grau Sa2.5
SystemEpoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint 70μm + epoxy micaceous iron 150μm + polyurethane topcoat
NormaISO 12944-5 C5-M
AreaAprox. 30.000 m² (50 turbinas de 6 MW)
vida útil de projeto25 anos (C5-M marinho)

Epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint·Venda direta da fábrica

Free sample testing · Customized technical solutions · On-site construction guidance · ISO 9001 certified factory · 48-hour rapid response

Teste de amostra grátis
Solução técnica personalizada
Envio rápido em 48 horas
ISO 9001 certification

artigos e notícias relacionados

Leia mais: artigos técnicos e notícias do setor da Kexin New Materials